>> /CS /DeviceRGB Introducing Cram Folders! /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> /ExtGState << The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". -Obedience: submission to authority >> /Subtype /Type1 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . << 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic /CS /DeviceRGB Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. [10][pageneeded] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R a. Nathaniel . What is social comparison theory? /Endnote /Note [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. /S /Transparency What is what? /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. >> >> 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 /Group << /S /Transparency -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. >> That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. /F3 23 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB the degree to which something is extreme) is What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group /Font << /Type /Page >> /Contents 39 0 R -Social comparison: idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the a. nave scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician outgroup homogeneity Previous question Next question What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? /F1 21 0 R /ToUnicode 367 0 R The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others >> Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. /GS7 27 0 R /Type /Group /Parent 2 0 R %PDF-1.4 She chooses to stop deliberation and act In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? /GS7 27 0 R What is deindividuation? -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) -Differs: How does a "cognitive miser" reason? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? << -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources /Chartsheet /Part [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. /Subtype /TrueType What are its real world consequences? /F1 21 0 R [39][originalresearch? [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. The cognitive miser is someone who is reluctant to think deeply about things. /Parent 2 0 R /Type /Group What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do >> System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Pennycook . 11 0 obj >> /ca 1 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. >> What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? /BM /Normal /FirstChar 32 /Font << [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. endobj This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. /F4 24 0 R 22 0 obj [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. /S /Transparency /ExtGState << [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. 2011 . How did Asch study conformity? Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. /ExtGState << >> /FontDescriptor 365 0 R >> [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. The nave scientist and attribution theory Further information: Attribution theory Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /StructParents 4 /BM /Normal /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Filter /FlateDecode /CS /DeviceRGB [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. endobj What factors affect obedience? [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. endobj In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? endobj [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. -Dissonance: being aware of bad behaviors, conflicting behaviors or beliefs. /Font << /F4 24 0 R >> What is social facilitation? /F1 21 0 R Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. /Resources << What is an internal versus an external attribution? -In group: (us) /ExtGState << April 2013 . /Group << Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Contents 35 0 R /Producer The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? as. If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? endobj /Type /Font /Group << % Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. >> /MarkInfo << Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. [15][pageneeded]. 4 [139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R What is the dual process model of persuasion? Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. 48 . /Font << When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. -Deindividuation: loosening of behavioral restraints, stripped of their usual behavior Book: Stanovich, Keith E. . 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. /Type /Page << 28 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /F1 21 0 R How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? /CS /DeviceRGB /Group << >> This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. >> /Name /F2 269273 . /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. What is culture? /Parent 2 0 R /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 ->paying an increase of the original price for extras 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R >> the idea that people neither cognitive misers or naive scientists. . >> -Responses varied across cultures >> "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. 2 . 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R /F1 21 0 R >> /F1 21 0 R -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. membership. -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. /Group << /F1 21 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity endobj ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity What is the actor-observer bias? Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies economic zones to fisheries. /Lang (en-US) In par-ticular, this need . >> [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /Contents 36 0 R What is situated social cognition? >> /Marked true If the statement is always true, explain why. >> Introducing Cram Folders! >> -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. AVERSIVE endobj Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices. >> things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . /Type /Pages come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. >> 6 0 obj naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> Our pages contain various quotes with which our editorial team does not always agree. What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? 2 0 obj too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist /Worksheet /Part -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] doctor, waitress, lecturer), Social group schemas/stereotypes: knowledge structures aboutsocial groups (e.g. -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). /Diagram /Figure 3,000 & 10,000 \\ Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. /Subtype /TrueType 21 0 obj /CS /DeviceRGB People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. What are the major forms of household income? /Tabs /S Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. What kinds of information does a flawed scientist use when thinking about the behavior of others? /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] /StructParents 8 -Becoming less pervasive endobj not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category /StructParents 7 The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029. /Parent 2 0 R Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] during socialrejection/inclusion, IMPRESSION: an idea, feeling, or opinion about something orsomeone, especially one formed without conscious thought or onthe basis of little evidence, PERSON PERCEPTION: the process through which people observeother people, interpret information about them, draw inferencesabout them, & develop mental representations of them, provides the basis for the way we think, feel, and behavetowards others, physical characteristics (e.g. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Tabs /S stream /Group << >> 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 /Resources << Fugelsang . >> /F3 23 0 R /StructParents 5 /Parent 2 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? >> /Type /Group It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. endobj /Font << >> Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B /BaseFont /Times-Roman Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? /Type /Page -Threat of isolation: can lead us to behave in self-destructive ways and even impair, -Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by group members. /F6 26 0 R >> The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 500 500 /F3 23 0 R Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? -Examples: sports events. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. << Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. /Resources << /ParentTree 19 0 R /StructParents 2 Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort.