Citing Literature. 8. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Sociologist. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Race itself was never something I viewed another, in the way women are portrayed in modern culture and society. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. Traveling is one of my familys favorite things to do. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. Legal harmonization and intersectionality in Swedish and Norwegian anti-discrimination reform. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. (1999). At extended last, mindful neighbors will probably concur upon common issues and cooperate to explain, As we look at social disorganization theory we knew that they were using spatial maps to look at the locations of juveniles. Since 1992, the U.S. Congress has experienced dramatic change in the demographic makeup of its membership. Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An. Princeton: Princeton University Press. While London: Routledge. In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. Volume 52, Issue 3. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . . Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. There are many time restrictions that are placed on research methods. Typically, multiple representation involves the buyer and seller. Many advances in womens rights have been the result of womens greater engagement in politics and representation in the halls of government, especially since the founding of the National Organization for Women in 1966 and the National Womens Political Caucus (NWPC) in 1971. In B. Grofman et al. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The Effects of Descriptive Representation on Interpersonal Relations. Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. Even though the movie broke some barriers, Disney and other film companies still have more progress to make to adequately represent their viewers. I didnt have an opinion when surveys asked if I felt that I wasn't being treated equally to my fellow American classmate with all the same qualities I held. One example of this is the district context hypothesis that states that individuals in districts. (Eds.). Galligan, Y. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. In K. Ross (Ed. Crenshaw, K. (1991). Evidence from Romania. Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. The results show that descriptive representation contributes to substantive representation, even if the costs of participating outweigh the electoral benefits. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. New York: Colombia University Press. Pages 491-507. Norris, P., & Franklin, M. (1997). ), Deliberative systems: Deliberative democracy at the large scale. This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. These are issues that have left minorities feeling as though they are belittled and not treated as fairly as the majority in our society. The question here is what happens to the calculus of descriptive representation under the condition that state feminist machineries are in place and work relatively efficiently. Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, Pros. Pitkin, H. F. (1972). Nothing bores me faster than description.. This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. Descriptive Representation : Brief Description. While this observation highlights why it is impossible to include every subgroup all the time, it should not distract from the need of including ethnic and regional minorities in processes of decision-making, and certainly not be seen as a licence to exclude large groups of society. They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. Another argument in favor of descriptive research is that once information is assembled, there are many ways to apply it. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Her work has appeared on various digital properties, including USAToday.com. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. PROS Better understanding Easy sharing of information Accurate analysis Sales analysis Finding relations between events Modification of data Exploring opportunities and trends Geographical visualization CONS It gives estimation not accuracy Biased Lack of assistance Improper design issue Wrong focused people can skip core messages Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. NORA Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 8(2), 6377. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as therefore, it is used by various industries It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. "American Government", OpenStax, OpenStax; Rice University. Welfare state and woman power: Essays in state feminism. Copyright 2020 Chemtech Speciality India Pvt. See below. Individuals may not be voting on individual issues within a representative democracy, but they can still have their opinions heard. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. Struggles to expand the breadth of political and civil rights in the United States have been critical to fostering greater inclusion and equality for racial/ethnic minorities in America. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. New York: Oxford University Press. Habermas, J. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Various reasons clarify why this is. Berkeley: University of California Press. During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. In this way, it couldn't just be that distinctive individuals lived in the high-wrongdoing territories than in the low-wrongdoing zones. The expansion of minority and female representation still continues at a slow pace. For example, if you are assembling a questionnaire, you might load the questions to direct the reader to answer a certain way. "Share icon", Quan Do, The Noun Project. I'm not sure what the pros and cons are of labelling all or only some such statistics as inferential. Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. By making the decision-making process more . In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . Rational deliberation among experts and citizens. African Americans made up the largest percentage, with forty-eight members, while Latinos accounted for thirty-two members, up from nineteen just over a decade before. Market Research World: What are The Pros and Cons of Data Collection Methods? Related; Information; Close Figure Viewer. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools By conducting research and engaging with faculty and students at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond, the fellows enrich the intellectual life of the center. Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup. Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? (2004). There are a few different ways to look at this by taking a look at different minority groups and examining their struggles. Research Fellowship Program Other Program and Initiatives The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. 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Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. She went to law school after being denied admission to medical school because of her gender. Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. 1992 also saw the rise of an increased participation of women in Congress, particularly Democratic women, and this number has increased steadily over the years. 2. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. New York: Free Press. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment Williams, M. S. (1998). Or at least, that's one theory. The body is responsible for implementing and drafting . The 113th Congress, has twenty-eight Hispanic U.S. 38 E Locust St, Mechanicsburg, Pa, Though studies argue it influences how communities are represented through constituency service, they are limited since legislators' service activities are unobserved. Mellom fag og feminisme: Kvinneforskning i statsvitenskap. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. The Pros And Cons Of Using Clicker. Gender representation and quotas. Why democracy? Register or login to make commenting easier. Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Does the representative look like, have common interests with, or share certain experiences with the represented? You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Barry, B. Part of Springer Nature. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. Justice and the politics of difference. ), Has liberalism failed women? That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. Saarbrcken: VDM Verlag Dr. Mller. Walby, S. (2011). Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative research. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. Estlund, D. (2008). Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. Visualize the benefits and drawbacks of the solution. Return to Figure. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. Liza Hollis has been writing for print and online publications since 2003. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. both quantitative and qualitative research. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Gender and discourse. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a Applicable. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Oxford: Oxford University Press. A main aspect of marginalization. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. Between facts and norms. It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. Peter, F. (2011). Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that tries to create a representative body that better reflects all of the citizens' interests in an electorate or voting district. However, in substantive representation, it is not necessary for the representative to have a similar background or shared characteristics with the people he represents. Cornell, D. (1995). Often, tracking down survey groups that can provide pertinent data costs a significant amount of time and money. The innocent are no longer afraid to pursue their first amendment and to remind others that we are all created equal. Conclusion. Get full access to this article. Don't want to keep filling in name and email whenever you want to comment? The actual empirical variation and the detailed characteristics of state feminism around the globe are different matters and not the topic of this chapter. People still have a voice. References. We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. (2005). 1938). (2012). Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. 10 Anson Road,#11-20, International Plaza, Singapore-079903. Collecting the data from different different organizations in the specific forms of data collection. ), States of democracy: Gender and politics in Europe. Disadvantages of proportional representation. The procedures involved with experimental research make it possible to isolate specific variables within virtually any topic. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. Wagle Estate, Thane-400604, Maharashtra, India. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Something about the areas needed to clarify the distinctions. Towards a European union gender equality index. Signs, 19(3), 713738. Easy to set up, doesn't require extra space. 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. In S. Besson & J. L. Mart (Eds. Signs, 19(3), 630657. Post- 2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, although the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. (2005b). View your signed in personal account and access account management features. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. Lexington: D. C. Heath. 2. For example, raw numbers may show that people are more prone to a specific behavior, but an interview will explain why this behavior is occurring. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. You can get a decent soundbar at $200-300. ), Representation and redistricting issues. Wngnerud, L. (2009). Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. Representing Diversity. Ultimately, whether or not bone conduction headphones are .